The damage is slow, which is the whole problem. Nobody notices scale building up until something stops working.
Here’s what to look for.
White crust on faucets and shower heads. That’s calcium carbonate, and it’s the same thing forming inside the pipes where you can’t see it.
Spots on glassware straight out of the dishwasher. Not a detergent problem.
Soap that won’t lather properly, and a film left on skin and shower doors after washing.
Water pressure that’s dropped gradually over years rather than suddenly.
A water heater that rumbles, pops, or takes longer than it used to.
Laundry coming out stiff or dingy when you haven’t changed a thing about how you wash it.
Appliances failing earlier than they should. Dishwashers, kettles, coffee makers, ice makers.
Any one of those on its own might be something else. Three or four together is hard water, and a softener is what deals with it.
How Fast It Happens
Years, not months. That’s why it sneaks up on people.
Scale builds a layer at a time, and nothing about it is noticeable while it’s happening. Then one day the pressure’s down and the heater’s making noise.
Houses that have been on untreated water a long time show it in the water heater first, almost every time.
Newer houses have the advantage of catching it early, which is also the cheapest point at which anybody deals with this. A water softener is what stops the scale forming in the first place.